Downing Street

: The Coming Conquest Of England

A meeting of the Cabinet Council was being held at the Foreign Office

in London. With gloomy faces the Ministers were all assembled. The

foreboding of a catastrophe brooded over England like a black cloud;

all manner of rumours of disaster were current in the land, and coming

events were awaited with sickening dread.



"A telegram from the general in command," said the Prime Minister,

opening the paper he h
ld in his hand. A deadly silence fell upon the

room:



"With painful emotion, I communicate to His Majesty's Government the

news of a great reverse I suffered the day before yesterday at Lahore.

I have only to-day reached Delhi with the remnant of my army, which

has been pursued by the Russian advance guard. We had taken up a very

favourable position on the left bank of the Ravi and were on the

point of preventing the Russian army from crossing the river, when

unexpectedly a violent onslaught made upon our left wing at Shah Dara

compelled us to send reinforcements to this wing and thus to weaken the

centre. Under the cover of jungle on the river-bank, the Russian cavalry

and the Mohammedan auxiliaries of the Russian army succeeded in forcing

the passage and in throwing our sepoy regiments into disorder. The

troops of the Maharajah of Chanidigot traitorously went over to the

enemy and that decided the day against us. Had not all the sepoy

regiments deserted, I could have maintained my ground, but the English

regiments under my command were too weak to resist for long the superior

numbers of the enemy. The bravery of these regiments deserves the

highest praise, but after a battle lasting several hours I was compelled

to give the order to retreat. We fell back upon the city of Lahore, and

I contrived to convey a portion of my troops by railway to Delhi. This

city I shall defend to the bitter end. Reinforcements are being sent

from all military stations in the country. The extent of our losses I

am unable to give at the time of writing. I have been able to bring five

thousand troops intact to Delhi."



The reading of this terrible report was succeeded by a chilling silence.

Then the Minister of War arose and said:--



"This despatch certainly comes upon us as a staggering blow. Our best

general and his army, composed of the flower of India's troops, have

been defeated. We may rightly say, however, that our power is still

established on a firm basis, so long as England, this seagirt isle, is

safe from the enemy. No defeat in India or in any one of our colonies

can deal us a death-blow. What we lose in one portion of the world, we

can recover, and that doubly, in another, so long as we, in our island,

are sound in both head and heart. But that is just what makes me

anxious. The security of Great Britain is menaced when we have almost

the whole world in arms against us. A strong French army is standing

ready opposite Dover to invade us, and a German army is in Holland also

prepared to make a descent on our coasts. I ask what measures have been

taken to meet an attack upon our mother country?"



"The British fleet," replied the First Lord of the Admiralty, "is strong

enough to crush the fleets of our enemies should they dare to show

themselves on the open seas. But the Russian, French, and German

navies are clever enough to remain in harbour under the cover of

the fortifications. We have, too, fleets in the Channel, one of ten

battleships and eighteen cruisers, and the necessary smaller vessels,

told off to engage the German fleet; and a second, a stronger force, of

fourteen battleships and twenty-four cruisers, destined to annihilate

the French fleet. A third fleet is in the harbour of Copenhagen in order

to prevent a union being effected between the Russian and German

fleets. The plan of sailing for Cronstadt has been abandoned, from the

experiences of the Crimean War and the fear that we should be keeping

our naval forces too far apart. Our admirals and captains will, owing to

the Russian successes, be convinced that England's honour and England's

very existence are now at stake. When in the eighteenth century we swept

the sea power of France from all the seas and vanquished the fleet of

the Great Napoleon, the rule was laid down that every defeated admiral

and captain in our navy should be court-martialled and shot, and that

even where the victory of our ships of war was not followed up and taken

the utmost advantage of, the court-martial was to remove the commander.

The time has now arrived when those old, strict rules must be again

enforced."



"According to the last Admiralty reports," said the First Lord of the

Treasury, "the fleet consists of twenty-seven new ironclads, the oldest

of which is of the year 1895. The ironclads of 1902, the Albemarle,

Cornwallis, Duncan, Exmouth, Montagu, and Russell, as well as those

of 1899, Bulwark, Formidable, Implacable, Irresistible, London, and

Venerable are, as I see from the report, constructed and armed according

to the latest technical principles. Are all the most recent twenty-seven

battleships with the Channel fleet?"



"No; the Albion, the Ocean, and the Glory are in other waters. The

twelve newest ironclads which your lordship mentioned are included in

both Channel fleets; in addition, several older battleships, such as the

Centurion, Royal Sovereign, and Empress of India are in the Channel. I

may say with truth that both the Channel Squadrons are fully suited for

the tasks before them. We have, besides, twenty-four ironclads of an

older type, all of which are of excellent value in battle."



"Among these older ironclads are there not many which are equipped with

muzzle-loaders?"



"Yes, but a naval battle has yet to determine whether the general view

that breechloaders are more serviceable in action is correct or not.

In the case of quick-firing guns it is certain that the breechloader

is alone the right construction; but in our heaviest guns, which have a

bore of 30.5 centimetre, and require three to four minutes to load, the

advantage of quick-firing is not apparent, for here everything depends

upon accurate aim, so that the heavy projectile may hit the right place.

For this purpose clever manoeuvring is everything. Moreover, the battles

round Port Arthur show us the importance of the torpedo and the mine.

The Russian fleet has met with its heaviest losses owing to the clever

manoeuvring and the superior torpedo tactics of the Japanese. It looks

as if in modern naval battles artillery would prove altogether inferior

to mines, and here our superiority in submarines will soon show itself

when we attack the fleets of Germany and France in their harbours. Only

a naval engagement between our squadrons and those of the French and

Germans can teach us the proper use of modern ships of war. And it will

be a lesson, a proper lesson for those misguided people who dare expose

themselves to the fire of a British broadside and the attack of our

torpedo and submarine boats. Let the steel plating of the vessels be as

it will, the best cuirass of Great Britain is the firm, true breast of

Britons."



"When I hear these explanations," the Colonial Minister interjected, "I

cannot suppress the suspicion, that the whole plan of our naval strategy

is rotten."



"I beg you to give your reasons for your suspicion," the First Lord of

the Admiralty replied, somewhat irritated.



"It has ever been said that England rules the waves. Now the war has

been going on for a considerable time and I perceive nothing of our

boasted supremacy."



"How can you say so? Our enemies' commerce has been completely

paralysed, while our own ships carry on their trade everywhere as freely

as ever."



"That may be the case, but by naval supremacy I mean something quite

different. No naval victory has as yet been gained. The enemies' fleets

are still undamaged: until they are annihilated there is always a danger

that the war may take a turn prejudicial to us. Only the struggle on the

open sea can decide the issue. If the English fleet is really supreme,

she can force the enemies' ships to a decisive action. Why do we not

blockade the French and German fleets in their harbours, and compel them

to give us battle? Our guns carry three miles, we can attack our enemies

in their harbours. What is the meaning of this division of our fleet

into three squadrons? Our whole fleet ought to be concentrated in the

Channel, in order to deal a crushing blow."



"The right honourable gentleman forgets that a combination of our fleet

would also entail the concentration of our enemies' fleets. If we leave

our position at Copenhagen, a strong Russian fleet will proceed from

Cronstadt and join the German warships in the Baltic. This united fleet

could pass through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal into the North Sea. England

in its naval preparations has always adopted the 'two power standard,'

and although we have aimed at the 'three power standard,' our resources

in money and personnel are not capable of fitting out a naval force

superior to the fleets of the now three allied Powers. All the same, our

own prestige holds these three Powers so far in check that they dare not

attack us on the open seas. Should we not be hazarding this prestige

in provoking a naval battle without a definite chance of success?

This naval battle will take place, but the favourable moment must be

carefully chosen. Considering the present state of the war, it would be

in the highest degree frivolous to stake all upon one throw of the dice.

Well, that is exactly what we should be doing were we to force on a

naval conflict. If the attack failed, if our fleet suffered a defeat,

England would be then exposed to the invasion of a Continental army. It

is true that our fleet is weakened by being split up, but the same

is also true of the fleets of our enemies, so that this apparent

disadvantage is equalised. We must keep on the watch for the moment

when some alteration of the present situation permits us to attack our

enemies' fleets with a superior force."



"There might be a way of enticing the German fleet into the open,"

maintained the Colonial Minister. "Let us send an ironclad squadron

to Heligoland and bombard the island and its fortifications until it

crumbles into the sea. The acquisition of Heligoland was the Emperor

William's darling idea, and this monarch will take good care that

Heligoland does not disappear from the earth's surface. But if, in spite

of the bombardment of Heligoland, the Germans do not come out into the

open sea, let us send our fleet up the Elbe and lay Hamburg in ashes.

Let our warships put to sea from Copenhagen and destroy Kiel harbour

and all the German coast towns on the Baltic. Then the German fleet will

soon enough put out to meet us!"



"This plan has already been considered, and will perhaps be acted upon.

There are, however, two difficulties in the way. First of all, by the

destruction of unfortified towns we should be conjuring up odium against

us, which--"



"Nonsense! there is no 'odium' for a victor! England would never have

attained its present might and grandeur had it allowed itself to be

deterred by a too delicate regard for humanity and the law of nations

from taking practical steps."



"Well, and then there is, at any rate, the second consideration."



"And that is, my lord?"



"A battle of ships, even though they have the finest possible armour,

against land fortifications, is always a hazardous undertaking, and more

especially when the coasts are defended by innumerable mines and torpedo

boats. Moreover, ironclads are very expensive, and are, in a certain

sense, very fragile things."



"Fragile things?"



"The Germans have removed all their light-ships, all their buoys,

and, like the French, the German ports are also defended by mines. An

ironclad, given calm sea, is strong as against another ship, but the

nature of its build makes it weak in a storm and in insecure waters.

An ironclad, owing to its enormously heavy armament, goes to the bottom

very rapidly, as soon as it gets a heavy list either on the one side or

the other. Again, owing to its enormous weight, it can never ram another

vessel for fear of breaking to pieces itself; if a torpedo strikes its

armour, or if the ship runs upon a mine, the explosion will send it to

the bottom with greater ease than it would a wooden ship of a century

ago. And then, if it runs on a shallow or a rock it cannot be brought

off again. Moreover, its supply of coal requires to be constantly

renewed, so that it cannot be sent on long expeditions. Our ironclads

have their own specific purpose--they are intended for a naval battle.

But they are like giants, are rendered top-heavy by their own weight,

and are thus easily capsized, and the loss of an ironclad battleship,

apart from the effect it might have upon our chances in the war, entails

the loss of more than a million pounds. The cruisers, again, I would not

without urgent necessity expose to the steel projectiles of a Krupp's

coast battery. Let us take care not to suffer the smallest disaster at

sea! It would be as dangerous for our prestige and for our position as

a world-power as a steel shot would be for the water-line of one of our

ships of war."



The Colonial Minister was silent. He had nothing to urge against these

objections.



"Our Indian troops are greatly in need of reinforcements," began the

Prime Minister again. "We must put English soldiers into the field, for

we cannot rely longer upon the sepoys."



"Certainly," said the Minister of War, "and drafts are constantly being

despatched to Bombay. Forty thousand men have been embarked; of these

more than twenty thousand have been landed in India; the remainder are

still on the sea. A great fleet is on the road, and eight ironclads

are stationed in Aden to meet any attack upon our transports. But it

is really a question whether we are well advised in still sending more

troops to India. My lords! hard as it is for me to say so, we must be

prudent. I should be rightly accused of having lost my head if I did

more than bare prudence demanded. Great Britain is denuded of troops.

Now, I know full well, and England also knows it full well, that an

enemy will never plant his foot on these shores; for our fleet assures

us the inviolability of our island, but we should not be worthy of our

responsible positions were we to neglect any measure for the security of

our country. Let us, my lords, be cowards before the battle, provided we

are heroes in it! Let us suppose that we had no fleet, but had to defend

England's territory on land. We must have an army on English soil ready

to take the field; failing this, we are guilty of treason against our

country. The mobilisation of our reserve must be further extended. Ten

thousand yeomen, whom we have not yet summoned to the ranks, are to-day

in a position to bear arms and wave the sword. To-day every capable man

must be enlisted. The law provides that every man who does not already

belong to a regular army or to a volunteer corps can, from eighteen to

fifty years of age, be forced to join the army, and thus a militia

can be formed of all men capable of bearing arms. If His Majesty will

sanction it, I am ready to form a militia army of 150,000 men. I reckon

for India 120,000 men, for Malta 10,000, for Hong Kong 3,500, for Africa

10,000, 3,000 for the Antilles, for Gibraltar 6,000, and 10,000 more

for Egypt, apart from the smaller garrisons, which must all remain

where they are at present; I shall then hope, after having called up all

volunteers and reserves, to be in a position to place an army of 400,000

men in the field for the defence of the mother country."



The First Lord of the Treasury shook his head. "Do not let us be lulled

by such figures into false optimism! Great masses without military

discipline, unused to firearms, with newly appointed officers (and they

chosen, moreover, by the men whom they are to command), troops

without any practical intelligence, without any understanding of the

requirements of modern warfare, such are the men, as I understand,

we are to place in the field against such splendid troops, as are the

French and German. Whence should we get our artillery? In 1871 we

saw the result, when masses of men with muskets were pitted against

regularly disciplined troops. Bourbaki was in command of an army that

had been disciplined for months gone by, and yet his host, although they

took the field with cavalry and artillery, suffered enormous losses on

meeting an army numerically inferior, yet well-organised, and commanded

by scientific and experienced officers. They were pushed across the

frontier into Switzerland, like a great flock of sheep pursued by a bevy

of wolves."



"But they were French, and we are Englishmen!"



"An Englishman can be laid low by a bullet as well as a Frenchman.

The days of the Black Prince are past and gone, no Henry V. is to-day

victorious at Agincourt, we have to fight with firearms and magazine

rifles."



"The Boers, my lord, showed us what a brave militia is capable of doing

against regular troops."



"Yes, in the mountains. The Tyrolese held out in the same way against

the great Napoleon for a while. But England is a flat country, and in

the plain tactical strategy soon proves its superiority. No, England's

salvation rests entirely on her fleet."



A despatch from the Viceroy of India was handed to the Prime

Minister: "The Viceroy informs His Majesty's Government that the

Commander-in-Chief in Delhi has massed an army of 30,000 men, and will

defend the city. The sepoys attached to his army are loyal, because they

are confined within the fortifications and cannot flee. The Viceroy will

take care that the Mohammedan sepoys shall all, as far as possible,

be brought south, and that only Hindu troops shall be led against the

Russians. Orders have been given that the treacherous Maharajah of

Chanidigot, whose troops in the battle of Lahore gave the signal for

desertion, shall be shot. The Viceroy is of opinion that the

Russian army will have to halt before Delhi in order to collect the

reinforcements which, though in smaller numbers, are still coming up

through Afghanistan. He does not doubt that the English army, whose

numbers are daily increasing by the addition of fresh regiments, will,

when massed in the northern provinces, deal the Russians a decisive

blow. The Commander-in-Chief will leave to General Egerton the defence

of Delhi, and concentrate a new field army at Cawnpore, with which it

is his intention to advance to Delhi. All lines of railway are now

constantly engaged in forwarding all available troops to Cawnpore."



"This news is, at all events, calculated to inspire new courage," said

the Prime Minister after reading the telegram, "and we will not disguise

from ourselves the fact, my lords, that we need courage now more than

ever. This new man in Germany, whom the Emperor has made Chancellor,

is arousing the feelings of the Germans most alarmingly against us.

He appears to be a man of the Bismarck stamp, full of insolent

inconsiderateness and of a surprising initiative. We stand quite

isolated in the world; Russia, France, and Germany are leagued against

us. Austria cannot and will not help us, Italy temporises in reply to

our advances, says neither 'yes' nor 'no,' and seeks an opportunity of

allying herself with France and wresting the remainder of the Italian

territories from Austria and of aggrandising herself at the expense

of our colonies. Yet, whenever England has stood alone, she has always

stood in the halo of glory and power. Let us trust in our own right hand

and in the loyalty of our colonies, who are ready to come to our aid

with money and men, and whom, after our victory, we will repay with all

those good gifts that His Majesty's Government can dispense."



"Our colonies!" the Minister of the Board of Trade intervened. "You are

right, they are ready to make sacrifices. Only I am afraid that those

sacrifices which the Right Honourable the Minister for the Colonies

demands of them will be too great, and that, having regard to the

tendency of the modern imperialism of our Government, they will not

believe in those rewards that are to be dangled before their eyes."



"My lord," replied the last speaker, "I am considered an agitator, and

am accused of being responsible for the present perilous position of

England. Well, I will accept that responsibility. Never in the world's

history did a statesman entertain great plans without exposing his

country to certain risks. I remind you how Bismarck, after the war of

1866 had been fought to a successful issue, said that the old women

would have beaten him to death with cudgels had the Prussian army been

defeated. But it was not defeated, and he stood before them as a man

who had united Germany and made Prussia great. He exposed Prussia to the

greatest risks, in that by his agitation he made almost the whole world

Prussia's enemy, declared war upon Austria and upon the whole of South

Germany, and forced the latter eventually to engage in the war against

France. England at that time pursued the luckless policy of observing

and waiting for an opportunity, merely because no agitator conducted its

policy. Had England in 1866 declared war against Prussia, Germany would

not to-day be so powerful as to be able to wage war upon us. Since those

days, profound changes have taken place in England itself, and entirely

owing to the growth of the German power. Since the fall of Napoleon,

we have not troubled ourselves sufficiently about events upon the

Continent, but in our proud self-assurance have thought ourselves so

powerful, that we only needed to influence the decisions of foreign

governments, in order to pursue our own lines of policy. But this

self-assurance suffered a severe shock in the events of 1866 and 1870,

and England has, and rightly enough, become nervous. The Englishman down

to that period despised the forward policy of the Continental powers.

This is no longer the case, but, on the other hand patriotic tendencies

are at work even in England itself, which are branded by the weak-minded

apostles of peace as chauvinistic. Let that pass, I am proud to call

myself a chauvinist in the sense that I do not desire peace at any

price, but peace only for England's welfare. The patriotic tendencies

of our people have been directed into their proper channel by my

predecessor Chamberlain. And has not the Government for the last thirty

years hearkened to these patriotic feelings, in that, whether led by

Disraeli or Gladstone, it has brought about an enormous strengthening of

our defensive forces both on land and sea? These military preparations,

whilst not only redounding to the advantage of the motherland, but also

to that of the colonies (which they shall ever continue to do) have

saddled the mother country with the entire burden of expenditure. But

how shall the enormous cost of this war be met for the future? How shall

the commerce of the English world-empire be increased in the future and

protected from competition, if the colonies do not share in the expense?

I vote for a just distribution of the burdens, and maintain that not

England alone but that the colonies also should share in bearing them.

The plan of Imperial Federation, a policy which we are pursuing, is the

remedy for our chronic disease, and will strengthen the colonies and the

mother country in economic, political, and military respects. Certainly,

my lords, such utterances will appear to you to be somewhat impertinent,

at a time when a Russian army has invaded India and our army has

suffered a severe defeat, but I should wish to remind you that every war

that England has yet waged has begun with defeats. But England has never

waged other than victorious wars since William the Conqueror infused

Romanic blood into England's political life and thus gave it a

constitution of such soundness and tenacity that no other body politic

has ever been able permanently to resist England. We shall again, as in

days of yore, drive the Russians out of India, shall force the fleets

of France, Germany, and Russia who are now hiding in their harbours

into the open, annihilate them, and thwart all the insolent plans of our

enemies, and finally raise the Union Jack as a standard of a world-power

that no one will for evermore be able to attack."



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