Exciting Discussions About An Unparalleled Enterprise

: A Journey To The Interior Of The Earth

At these words a cold shiver ran through me. Yet I controlled myself;

I even resolved to put a good face upon it. Scientific arguments

alone could have any weight with Professor Liedenbrock. Now there

were good ones against the practicability of such a journey.

Penetrate to the centre of the earth! What nonsense! But I kept my

dialectic battery in reserve for a suitable opportunity, and I

interested myself in the prosp
ct of my dinner, which was not yet

forthcoming.



It is no use to tell of the rage and imprecations of my uncle before

the empty table. Explanations were given, Martha was set at liberty,

ran off to the market, and did her part so well that in an hour

afterwards my hunger was appeased, and I was able to return to the

contemplation of the gravity of the situation.



During all dinner time my uncle was almost merry; he indulged in some

of those learned jokes which never do anybody any harm. Dessert over,

he beckoned me into his study.



I obeyed; he sat at one end of his table, I at the other.



"Axel," said he very mildly; "you are a very ingenious young man, you

have done me a splendid service, at a moment when, wearied out with

the struggle, I was going to abandon the contest. Where should I have

lost myself? None can tell. Never, my lad, shall I forget it; and you

shall have your share in the glory to which your discovery will lead."



"Oh, come!" thought I, "he is in a good way. Now is the time for

discussing that same glory."



"Before all things," my uncle resumed, "I enjoin you to preserve the

most inviolable secrecy: you understand? There are not a few in the

scientific world who envy my success, and many would be ready to

undertake this enterprise, to whom our return should be the first

news of it."



"Do you really think there are many people bold enough?" said I.



"Certainly; who would hesitate to acquire such renown? If that

document were divulged, a whole army of geologists would be ready to

rush into the footsteps of Arne Saknussemm."



"I don't feel so very sure of that, uncle," I replied; "for we have

no proof of the authenticity of this document."



"What! not of the book, inside which we have discovered it?"



"Granted. I admit that Saknussemm may have written these lines. But

does it follow that he has really accomplished such a journey? And

may it not be that this old parchment is intended to mislead?"



I almost regretted having uttered this last word, which dropped from

me in an unguarded moment. The Professor bent his shaggy brows, and I

feared I had seriously compromised my own safety. Happily no great

harm came of it. A smile flitted across the lip of my severe

companion, and he answered:



"That is what we shall see."



"Ah!" said I, rather put out. "But do let me exhaust all the possible

objections against this document."



"Speak, my boy, don't be afraid. You are quite at liberty to express

your opinions. You are no longer my nephew only, but my colleague.

Pray go on."



"Well, in the first place, I wish to ask what are this Jokul, this

Sneffels, and this Scartaris, names which I have never heard before?"



"Nothing easier. I received not long ago a map from my friend,

Augustus Petermann, at Liepzig. Nothing could be more apropos. Take

down the third atlas in the second shelf in the large bookcase,

series Z, plate 4."



I rose, and with the help of such precise instructions could not fail

to find the required atlas. My uncle opened it and said:



"Here is one of the best maps of Iceland, that of Handersen, and I

believe this will solve the worst of our difficulties."



I bent over the map.



"You see this volcanic island," said the Professor; "observe that all

the volcanoes are called jokuls, a word which means glacier in

Icelandic, and under the high latitude of Iceland nearly all the

active volcanoes discharge through beds of ice. Hence this term of

jokul is applied to all the eruptive mountains in Iceland."



"Very good," said I; "but what of Sneffels?"



I was hoping that this question would be unanswerable; but I was

mistaken. My uncle replied:



"Follow my finger along the west coast of Iceland. Do you see

Rejkiavik, the capital? You do. Well; ascend the innumerable fiords

that indent those sea-beaten shores, and stop at the sixty-fifth

degree of latitude. What do you see there?"



"I see a peninsula looking like a thigh bone with the knee bone at

the end of it."



"A very fair comparison, my lad. Now do you see anything upon that

knee bone?"



"Yes; a mountain rising out of the sea."



"Right. That is Snaefell."



"That Snaefell?"



"It is. It is a mountain five thousand feet high, one of the most

remarkable in the world, if its crater leads down to the centre of

the earth."



"But that is impossible," I said shrugging my shoulders, and

disgusted at such a ridiculous supposition.



"Impossible?" said the Professor severely; "and why, pray?"



"Because this crater is evidently filled with lava and burning rocks,

and therefore--"



"But suppose it is an extinct volcano?"



"Extinct?"



"Yes; the number of active volcanoes on the surface of the globe is

at the present time only about three hundred. But there is a very

much larger number of extinct ones. Now, Snaefell is one of these.

Since historic times there has been but one eruption of this

mountain, that of 1219; from that time it has quieted down more and.

more, and now it is no longer reckoned among active volcanoes."



To such positive statements I could make no reply. I therefore took

refuge in other dark passages of the document.



"What is the meaning of this word Scartaris, and what have the

kalends of July to do with it?"



My uncle took a few minutes to consider. For one short moment I felt

a ray of hope, speedily to be extinguished. For he soon answered thus:



"What is darkness to you is light to me. This proves the ingenious

care with which Saknussemm guarded and defined his discovery.

Sneffels, or Snaefell, has several craters. It was therefore necessary

to point out which of these leads to the centre of the globe. What

did the Icelandic sage do? He observed that at the approach of the

kalends of July, that is to say in the last days of June, one of the

peaks, called Scartaris, flung its shadow down the mouth of that

particular crater, and he committed that fact to his document. Could

there possibly have been a more exact guide? As soon as we have

arrived at the summit of Snaefell we shall have no hesitation as to

the proper road to take."



Decidedly, my uncle had answered every one of my objections. I saw

that his position on the old parchment was impregnable. I therefore

ceased to press him upon that part of the subject, and as above all

things he must be convinced, I passed on to scientific objections,

which in my opinion were far more serious.



"Well, then," I said, "I am forced to admit that Saknussemm's

sentence is clear, and leaves no room for doubt. I will even allow

that the document bears every mark and evidence of authenticity. That

learned philosopher did get to the bottom of Sneffels, he has seen

the shadow of Scartaris touch the edge of the crater before the

kalends of July; he may even have heard the legendary stories told in

his day about that crater reaching to the centre of the world; but as

for reaching it himself, as for performing the journey, and

returning, if he ever went, I say no--he never, never did that."



"Now for your reason?" said my uncle ironically.



"All the theories of science demonstrate such a feat to be

impracticable."



"The theories say that, do they?" replied the Professor in the tone

of a meek disciple. "Oh! unpleasant theories! How the theories will

hinder. us, won't they?"



I saw that he was only laughing at me; but I went on all the same.



"Yes; it is perfectly well known that the internal temperature rises

one degree for every 70 feet in depth; now, admitting this proportion

to be constant, and the radius of the earth being fifteen hundred

leagues, there must be a temperature of 360,032 degrees at the centre

of the earth. Therefore, all the substances that compose the body of

this earth must exist there in a state of incandescent gas; for the

metals that most resist the action of heat, gold, and platinum, and

the hardest rocks, can never be either solid or liquid under such a

temperature. I have therefore good reason for asking if it is

possible to penetrate through such a medium."



"So, Axel, it is the heat that troubles you?"



"Of course it is. Were we to reach a depth of thirty miles we should

have arrived at the limit of the terrestrial crust, for there the

temperature will be more than 2372 degrees."



"Are you afraid of being put into a state of fusion?"



"I will leave you to decide that question," I answered rather

sullenly. "This is my decision," replied Professor Liedenbrock,

putting on one of his grandest airs. "Neither you nor anybody else

knows with any certainty what is going on in the interior of this

globe, since not the twelve thousandth part of its radius is known;

science is eminently perfectible; and every new theory is soon routed

by a newer. Was it not always believed until Fourier that the

temperature of the interplanetary spaces decreased perpetually? and

is it not known at the present time that the greatest cold of the

ethereal regions is never lower than 40 degrees below zero Fahr.? Why

should it not be the same with the internal heat? Why should it not,

at a certain depth, attain an impassable limit, instead of rising to

such a point as to fuse the most infusible metals?"



As my uncle was now taking his stand upon hypotheses, of course,

there was nothing to be said.



"Well, I will tell you that true savants, amongst them Poisson, have

demonstrated that if a heat of 360,000 degrees [1] existed in the

interior of the globe, the fiery gases arising from the fused matter

would acquire an elastic force which the crust of the earth would be

unable to resist, and that it would explode like the plates of a

bursting boiler."



"That is Poisson's opinion, my uncle, nothing more."



"Granted. But it is likewise the creed adopted by other distinguished

geologists, that the interior of the globe is neither gas nor water,

nor any of the heaviest minerals known, for in none of these cases

would the earth weigh what it does."



"Oh, with figures you may prove anything!"



"But is it the same with facts! Is it not known that the number of

volcanoes has diminished since the first days of creation? and if

there is central heat may we not thence conclude that it is in

process of diminution?"



"My good uncle, if you will enter into the legion of speculation, I

can discuss the matter no longer."



"But I have to tell you that the highest names have come to the

support of my views. Do you remember a visit paid to me by the

celebrated chemist, Humphry Davy, in 1825?"



"Not at all, for I was not born until nineteen years afterwards."



"Well, Humphry Davy did call upon me on his way through Hamburg. We

were long engaged in discussing, amongst other problems, the

hypothesis of the liquid structure of the terrestrial nucleus. We

were agreed that it could not be in a liquid state, for a reason

which science has never been able to confute."



[1] The degrees of temperature are given by Jules Verne according to

the centigrade system, for which we will in each case substitute the

Fahrenheit measurement. (Tr.)



"What is that reason?" I said, rather astonished.



"Because this liquid mass would be subject, like the ocean, to the

lunar attraction, and therefore twice every day there would be

internal tides, which, upheaving the terrestrial crust, would cause

periodical earthquakes!"



"Yet it is evident that the surface of the globe has been subject to

the action of fire," I replied, "and it is quite reasonable to

suppose that the external crust cooled down first, whilst the heat

took refuge down to the centre."



"Quite a mistake," my uncle answered. "The earth has been heated by

combustion on its surface, that is all. Its surface was composed of a

great number of metals, such as potassium and sodium, which have the

peculiar property of igniting at the mere contact with air and water;

these metals kindled when the atmospheric vapours fell in rain upon

the soil; and by and by, when the waters penetrated into the fissures

of the crust of the earth, they broke out into fresh combustion with

explosions and eruptions. Such was the cause of the numerous

volcanoes at the origin of the earth."



"Upon my word, this is a very clever hypothesis," I exclaimed, in

spite rather of myself.



"And which Humphry Davy demonstrated to me by a simple experiment. He

formed a small ball of the metals which I have named, and which was a

very fair representation of our globe; whenever he caused a fine dew

of rain to fall upon its surface, it heaved up into little

monticules, it became oxydized and formed miniature mountains; a

crater broke open at one of its summits; the eruption took place, and

communicated to the whole of the ball such a heat that it could not

be held in the hand."



In truth, I was beginning to be shaken by the Professor's arguments,

besides which he gave additional weight to them by his usual ardour

and fervent enthusiasm.



"You see, Axel," he added, "the condition of the terrestrial nucleus

has given rise to various hypotheses among geologists; there is no

proof at all for this internal heat; my opinion is that there is no

such thing, it cannot be; besides we shall see for ourselves, and,

like Arne Saknussemm, we shall know exactly what to hold as truth

concerning this grand question."



"Very well, we shall see," I replied, feeling myself carried off by

his contagious enthusiasm. "Yes, we shall see; that is, if it is

possible to see anything there."



"And why not? May we not depend upon electric phenomena to give us

light? May we not even expect light from the atmosphere, the pressure

of which may render it luminous as we approach the centre?"



"Yes, yes," said I; "that is possible, too."





"It is certain," exclaimed my uncle in a tone of triumph. "But

silence, do you hear me? silence upon the whole subject; and let no

one get before us in this design of discovering the centre of the

earth."



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