The Red Sea

: PART TWO

In the course of the day of the 29th of January, the island of Ceylon

disappeared under the horizon, and the Nautilus, at a speed of twenty

miles an hour, slid into the labyrinth of canals which separate the

Maldives from the Laccadives. It coasted even the Island of Kiltan, a

land originally coraline, discovered by Vasco da Gama in 1499, and one

of the nineteen principal islands of the Laccadive Archipelago,

situated
between 10 deg. and 14 deg. 30' N. lat., and 69 deg. 50' 72"

E. long.



We had made 16,220 miles, or 7,500 (French) leagues from our

starting-point in the Japanese Seas.



The next day (30th January), when the Nautilus went to the surface of

the ocean there was no land in sight. Its course was N.N.E., in the

direction of the Sea of Oman, between Arabia and the Indian Peninsula,

which serves as an outlet to the Persian Gulf. It was evidently a

block without any possible egress. Where was Captain Nemo taking us

to? I could not say. This, however, did not satisfy the Canadian, who

that day came to me asking where we were going.



"We are going where our Captain's fancy takes us, Master Ned."



"His fancy cannot take us far, then," said the Canadian. "The Persian

Gulf has no outlet: and, if we do go in, it will not be long before we

are out again."



"Very well, then, we will come out again, Master Land; and if, after

the Persian Gulf, the Nautilus would like to visit the Red Sea, the

Straits of Bab-el-mandeb are there to give us entrance."



"I need not tell you, sir," said Ned Land, "that the Red Sea is as much

closed as the Gulf, as the Isthmus of Suez is not yet cut; and, if it

was, a boat as mysterious as ours would not risk itself in a canal cut

with sluices. And again, the Red Sea is not the road to take us back

to Europe."



"But I never said we were going back to Europe."



"What do you suppose, then?"



"I suppose that, after visiting the curious coasts of Arabia and Egypt,

the Nautilus will go down the Indian Ocean again, perhaps cross the

Channel of Mozambique, perhaps off the Mascarenhas, so as to gain the

Cape of Good Hope."



"And once at the Cape of Good Hope?" asked the Canadian, with peculiar

emphasis.



"Well, we shall penetrate into that Atlantic which we do not yet know.

Ah! friend Ned, you are getting tired of this journey under the sea;

you are surfeited with the incessantly varying spectacle of submarine

wonders. For my part, I shall be sorry to see the end of a voyage

which it is given to so few men to make."



For four days, till the 3rd of February, the Nautilus scoured the Sea

of Oman, at various speeds and at various depths. It seemed to go at

random, as if hesitating as to which road it should follow, but we

never passed the Tropic of Cancer.



In quitting this sea we sighted Muscat for an instant, one of the most

important towns of the country of Oman. I admired its strange aspect,

surrounded by black rocks upon which its white houses and forts stood

in relief. I saw the rounded domes of its mosques, the elegant points

of its minarets, its fresh and verdant terraces. But it was only a

vision! The Nautilus soon sank under the waves of that part of the sea.



We passed along the Arabian coast of Mahrah and Hadramaut, for a

distance of six miles, its undulating line of mountains being

occasionally relieved by some ancient ruin. The 5th of February we at

last entered the Gulf of Aden, a perfect funnel introduced into the

neck of Bab-el-mandeb, through which the Indian waters entered the Red

Sea.



The 6th of February, the Nautilus floated in sight of Aden, perched

upon a promontory which a narrow isthmus joins to the mainland, a kind

of inaccessible Gibraltar, the fortifications of which were rebuilt by

the English after taking possession in 1839. I caught a glimpse of the

octagon minarets of this town, which was at one time the richest

commercial magazine on the coast.



I certainly thought that Captain Nemo, arrived at this point, would

back out again; but I was mistaken, for he did no such thing, much to

my surprise.



The next day, the 7th of February, we entered the Straits of

Bab-el-mandeb, the name of which, in the Arab tongue, means The Gate of

Tears.



To twenty miles in breadth, it is only thirty-two in length. And for

the Nautilus, starting at full speed, the crossing was scarcely the

work of an hour. But I saw nothing, not even the Island of Perim, with

which the British Government has fortified the position of Aden. There

were too many English or French steamers of the line of Suez to Bombay,

Calcutta to Melbourne, and from Bourbon to the Mauritius, furrowing

this narrow passage, for the Nautilus to venture to show itself. So it

remained prudently below. At last about noon, we were in the waters of

the Red Sea.



I would not even seek to understand the caprice which had decided

Captain Nemo upon entering the gulf. But I quite approved of the

Nautilus entering it. Its speed was lessened: sometimes it kept on

the surface, sometimes it dived to avoid a vessel, and thus I was able

to observe the upper and lower parts of this curious sea.



The 8th of February, from the first dawn of day, Mocha came in sight,

now a ruined town, whose walls would fall at a gunshot, yet which

shelters here and there some verdant date-trees; once an important

city, containing six public markets, and twenty-six mosques, and whose

walls, defended by fourteen forts, formed a girdle of two miles in

circumference.



The Nautilus then approached the African shore, where the depth of the

sea was greater. There, between two waters clear as crystal, through

the open panels we were allowed to contemplate the beautiful bushes of

brilliant coral and large blocks of rock clothed with a splendid fur of

green variety of sites and landscapes along these sandbanks and algae

and fuci. What an indescribable spectacle, and what variety of sites

and landscapes along these sandbanks and volcanic islands which bound

the Libyan coast! But where these shrubs appeared in all their beauty

was on the eastern coast, which the Nautilus soon gained. It was on

the coast of Tehama, for there not only did this display of zoophytes

flourish beneath the level of the sea, but they also formed picturesque

interlacings which unfolded themselves about sixty feet above the

surface, more capricious but less highly coloured than those whose

freshness was kept up by the vital power of the waters.



What charming hours I passed thus at the window of the saloon! What

new specimens of submarine flora and fauna did I admire under the

brightness of our electric lantern!



The 9th of February the Nautilus floated in the broadest part of the

Red Sea, which is comprised between Souakin, on the west coast, and

Komfidah, on the east coast, with a diameter of ninety miles.



That day at noon, after the bearings were taken, Captain Nemo mounted

the platform, where I happened to be, and I was determined not to let

him go down again without at least pressing him regarding his ulterior

projects. As soon as he saw me he approached and graciously offered me

a cigar.



"Well, sir, does this Red Sea please you? Have you sufficiently

observed the wonders it covers, its fishes, its zoophytes, its

parterres of sponges, and its forests of coral? Did you catch a

glimpse of the towns on its borders?"



"Yes, Captain Nemo," I replied; "and the Nautilus is wonderfully fitted

for such a study. Ah! it is an intelligent boat!"



"Yes, sir, intelligent and invulnerable. It fears neither the terrible

tempests of the Red Sea, nor its currents, nor its sandbanks."



"Certainly," said I, "this sea is quoted as one of the worst, and in

the time of the ancients, if I am not mistaken, its reputation was

detestable."



"Detestable, M. Aronnax. The Greek and Latin historians do not speak

favourably of it, and Strabo says it is very dangerous during the

Etesian winds and in the rainy season. The Arabian Edrisi portrays it

under the name of the Gulf of Colzoum, and relates that vessels

perished there in great numbers on the sandbanks and that no one would

risk sailing in the night. It is, he pretends, a sea subject to

fearful hurricanes, strewn with inhospitable islands, and `which offers

nothing good either on its surface or in its depths.'"



"One may see," I replied, "that these historians never sailed on board

the Nautilus."



"Just so," replied the Captain, smiling; "and in that respect moderns

are not more advanced than the ancients. It required many ages to find

out the mechanical power of steam. Who knows if, in another hundred

years, we may not see a second Nautilus? Progress is slow, M. Aronnax."



"It is true," I answered; "your boat is at least a century before its

time, perhaps an era. What a misfortune that the secret of such an

invention should die with its inventor!"



Captain Nemo did not reply. After some minutes' silence he continued:



"You were speaking of the opinions of ancient historians upon the

dangerous navigation of the Red Sea."



"It is true," said I; "but were not their fears exaggerated?"



"Yes and no, M. Aronnax," replied Captain Nemo, who seemed to know the

Red Sea by heart. "That which is no longer dangerous for a modern

vessel, well rigged, strongly built, and master of its own course,

thanks to obedient steam, offered all sorts of perils to the ships of

the ancients. Picture to yourself those first navigators venturing in

ships made of planks sewn with the cords of the palmtree, saturated

with the grease of the seadog, and covered with powdered resin! They

had not even instruments wherewith to take their bearings, and they

went by guess amongst currents of which they scarcely knew anything.

Under such conditions shipwrecks were, and must have been, numerous.

But in our time, steamers running between Suez and the South Seas have

nothing more to fear from the fury of this gulf, in spite of contrary

trade-winds. The captain and passengers do not prepare for their

departure by offering propitiatory sacrifices; and, on their return,

they no longer go ornamented with wreaths and gilt fillets to thank the

gods in the neighbouring temple."



"I agree with you," said I; "and steam seems to have killed all

gratitude in the hearts of sailors. But, Captain, since you seem to

have especially studied this sea, can you tell me the origin of its

name?"



"There exist several explanations on the subject, M. Aronnax. Would

you like to know the opinion of a chronicler of the fourteenth century?"



"Willingly."



"This fanciful writer pretends that its name was given to it after the

passage of the Israelites, when Pharaoh perished in the waves which

closed at the voice of Moses."



"A poet's explanation, Captain Nemo," I replied; "but I cannot content

myself with that. I ask you for your personal opinion."



"Here it is, M. Aronnax. According to my idea, we must see in this

appellation of the Red Sea a translation of the Hebrew word `Edom'; and

if the ancients gave it that name, it was on account of the particular

colour of its waters."



"But up to this time I have seen nothing but transparent waves and

without any particular colour."



"Very likely; but as we advance to the bottom of the gulf, you will see

this singular appearance. I remember seeing the Bay of Tor entirely

red, like a sea of blood."



"And you attribute this colour to the presence of a microscopic

seaweed?"



"Yes."



"So, Captain Nemo, it is not the first time you have overrun the Red

Sea on board the Nautilus?"



"No, sir."



"As you spoke a while ago of the passage of the Israelites and of the

catastrophe to the Egyptians, I will ask whether you have met with the

traces under the water of this great historical fact?"



"No, sir; and for a good reason."



"What is it?"



"It is that the spot where Moses and his people passed is now so

blocked up with sand that the camels can barely bathe their legs there.

You can well understand that there would not be water enough for my

Nautilus."



"And the spot?" I asked.



"The spot is situated a little above the Isthmus of Suez, in the arm

which formerly made a deep estuary, when the Red Sea extended to the

Salt Lakes. Now, whether this passage were miraculous or not, the

Israelites, nevertheless, crossed there to reach the Promised Land, and

Pharaoh's army perished precisely on that spot; and I think that

excavations made in the middle of the sand would bring to light a large

number of arms and instruments of Egyptian origin."



"That is evident," I replied; "and for the sake of archaeologists let

us hope that these excavations will be made sooner or later, when new

towns are established on the isthmus, after the construction of the

Suez Canal; a canal, however, very useless to a vessel like the

Nautilus."



"Very likely; but useful to the whole world," said Captain Nemo. "The

ancients well understood the utility of a communication between the Red

Sea and the Mediterranean for their commercial affairs: but they did

not think of digging a canal direct, and took the Nile as an

intermediate. Very probably the canal which united the Nile to the Red

Sea was begun by Sesostris, if we may believe tradition. One thing is

certain, that in the year 615 before Jesus Christ, Necos undertook the

works of an alimentary canal to the waters of the Nile across the plain

of Egypt, looking towards Arabia. It took four days to go up this

canal, and it was so wide that two triremes could go abreast. It was

carried on by Darius, the son of Hystaspes, and probably finished by

Ptolemy II. Strabo saw it navigated: but its decline from the point

of departure, near Bubastes, to the Red Sea was so slight that it was

only navigable for a few months in the year. This canal answered all

commercial purposes to the age of Antonius, when it was abandoned and

blocked up with sand. Restored by order of the Caliph Omar, it was

definitely destroyed in 761 or 762 by Caliph Al-Mansor, who wished to

prevent the arrival of provisions to Mohammed-ben-Abdallah, who had

revolted against him. During the expedition into Egypt, your General

Bonaparte discovered traces of the works in the Desert of Suez; and,

surprised by the tide, he nearly perished before regaining Hadjaroth,

at the very place where Moses had encamped three thousand years before

him."



"Well, Captain, what the ancients dared not undertake, this junction

between the two seas, which will shorten the road from Cadiz to India,

M. Lesseps has succeeded in doing; and before long he will have changed

Africa into an immense island."



"Yes, M. Aronnax; you have the right to be proud of your countryman.

Such a man brings more honour to a nation than great captains. He

began, like so many others, with disgust and rebuffs; but he has

triumphed, for he has the genius of will. And it is sad to think that

a work like that, which ought to have been an international work and

which would have sufficed to make a reign illustrious, should have

succeeded by the energy of one man. All honour to M. Lesseps!"



"Yes! honour to the great citizen," I replied, surprised by the manner

in which Captain Nemo had just spoken.



"Unfortunately," he continued, "I cannot take you through the Suez

Canal; but you will be able to see the long jetty of Port Said after

to-morrow, when we shall be in the Mediterranean."



"The Mediterranean!" I exclaimed.



"Yes, sir; does that astonish you?"



"What astonishes me is to think that we shall be there the day after

to-morrow."



"Indeed?"



"Yes, Captain, although by this time I ought to have accustomed myself

to be surprised at nothing since I have been on board your boat."



"But the cause of this surprise?"



"Well! it is the fearful speed you will have to put on the Nautilus, if

the day after to-morrow she is to be in the Mediterranean, having made

the round of Africa, and doubled the Cape of Good Hope!"



"Who told you that she would make the round of Africa and double the

Cape of Good Hope, sir?"



"Well, unless the Nautilus sails on dry land, and passes above the

isthmus----"



"Or beneath it, M. Aronnax."



"Beneath it?"



"Certainly," replied Captain Nemo quietly. "A long time ago Nature

made under this tongue of land what man has this day made on its

surface."



"What! such a passage exists?"



"Yes; a subterranean passage, which I have named the Arabian Tunnel.

It takes us beneath Suez and opens into the Gulf of Pelusium."



"But this isthmus is composed of nothing but quick sands?"



"To a certain depth. But at fifty-five yards only there is a solid

layer of rock."



"Did you discover this passage by chance?" I asked more and more

surprised.



"Chance and reasoning, sir; and by reasoning even more than by chance.

Not only does this passage exist, but I have profited by it several

times. Without that I should not have ventured this day into the

impassable Red Sea. I noticed that in the Red Sea and in the

Mediterranean there existed a certain number of fishes of a kind

perfectly identical. Certain of the fact, I asked myself was it

possible that there was no communication between the two seas? If

there was, the subterranean current must necessarily run from the Red

Sea to the Mediterranean, from the sole cause of difference of level.

I caught a large number of fishes in the neighbourhood of Suez. I

passed a copper ring through their tails, and threw them back into the

sea. Some months later, on the coast of Syria, I caught some of my

fish ornamented with the ring. Thus the communication between the two

was proved. I then sought for it with my Nautilus; I discovered it,

ventured into it, and before long, sir, you too will have passed

through my Arabian tunnel!"



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