Vanikoro

: PART ONE
: Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea

This terrible spectacle was the forerunner of the series of maritime

catastrophes that the Nautilus was destined to meet with in its route.

As long as it went through more frequented waters, we often saw the

hulls of shipwrecked vessels that were rotting in the depths, and

deeper down cannons, bullets, anchors, chains, and a thousand other

iron materials eaten up by rust. However, on the 11th of December we

sighted th
Pomotou Islands, the old "dangerous group" of Bougainville,

that extend over a space of 500 leagues at E.S.E. to W.N.W., from the

Island Ducie to that of Lazareff. This group covers an area of 370

square leagues, and it is formed of sixty groups of islands, among

which the Gambier group is remarkable, over which France exercises

sway. These are coral islands, slowly raised, but continuous, created

by the daily work of polypi. Then this new island will be joined later

on to the neighboring groups, and a fifth continent will stretch from

New Zealand and New Caledonia, and from thence to the Marquesas.



One day, when I was suggesting this theory to Captain Nemo, he replied

coldly:



"The earth does not want new continents, but new men."



Chance had conducted the Nautilus towards the Island of

Clermont-Tonnere, one of the most curious of the group, that was

discovered in 1822 by Captain Bell of the Minerva. I could study now

the madreporal system, to which are due the islands in this ocean.



Madrepores (which must not be mistaken for corals) have a tissue lined

with a calcareous crust, and the modifications of its structure have

induced M. Milne Edwards, my worthy master, to class them into five

sections. The animalcule that the marine polypus secretes live by

millions at the bottom of their cells. Their calcareous deposits become

rocks, reefs, and large and small islands. Here they form a ring,

surrounding a little inland lake, that communicates with the sea by

means of gaps. There they make barriers of reefs like those on the

coasts of New Caledonia and the various Pomoton islands. In other

places, like those at Reunion and at Maurice, they raise fringed reefs,

high, straight walls, near which the depth of the ocean is considerable.



Some cable-lengths off the shores of the Island of Clermont I admired

the gigantic work accomplished by these microscopical workers. These

walls are specially the work of those madrepores known as milleporas,

porites, madrepores, and astraeas. These polypi are found particularly

in the rough beds of the sea, near the surface; and consequently it is

from the upper part that they begin their operations, in which they

bury themselves by degrees with the debris of the secretions that

support them. Such is, at least, Darwin's theory, who thus explains the

formation of the atolls, a superior theory (to my mind) to that given

of the foundation of the madreporical works, summits of mountains or



volcanoes, that are submerged some feet below the level of the sea.



I could observe closely these curious walls, for perpendicularly they

were more than 300 yards deep, and our electric sheets lighted up this

calcareous matter brilliantly. Replying to a question Conseil asked me

as to the time these colossal barriers took to be raised, I astonished

him much by telling him that learned men reckoned it about the eighth

of an inch in a hundred years.



Towards evening Clermont-Tonnerre was lost in the distance, and the

route of the Nautilus was sensibly changed. After having crossed the

tropic of Capricorn in 135 deg. longitude, it sailed W.N.W., making

again for the tropical zone. Although the summer sun was very strong,

we did not suffer from heat, for at fifteen or twenty fathoms below the

surface, the temperature did not rise above from ten to twelve degrees.



On 15th of December, we left to the east the bewitching group of the

Societies and the graceful Tahiti, queen of the Pacific. I saw in the

morning, some miles to the windward, the elevated summits of the

island. These waters furnished our table with excellent fish,

mackerel, bonitos, and some varieties of a sea-serpent.



On the 25th of December the Nautilus sailed into the midst of the New

Hebrides, discovered by Quiros in 1606, and that Bougainville explored

in 1768, and to which Cook gave its present name in 1773. This group

is composed principally of nine large islands, that form a band of 120

leagues N.N.S. to S.S.W., between 15 deg. and 2 deg. S. lat., and 164

deg. and 168 deg. long. We passed tolerably near to the Island of

Aurou, that at noon looked like a mass of green woods, surmounted by a

peak of great height.



That day being Christmas Day, Ned Land seemed to regret sorely the

non-celebration of "Christmas," the family fete of which Protestants

are so fond. I had not seen Captain Nemo for a week, when, on the

morning of the 27th, he came into the large drawing-room, always

seeming as if he had seen you five minutes before. I was busily

tracing the route of the Nautilus on the planisphere. The Captain came

up to me, put his finger on one spot on the chart, and said this single

word.



"Vanikoro."



The effect was magical! It was the name of the islands on which La

Perouse had been lost! I rose suddenly.



"The Nautilus has brought us to Vanikoro?" I asked.



"Yes, Professor," said the Captain.



"And I can visit the celebrated islands where the Boussole and the

Astrolabe struck?"



"If you like, Professor."



"When shall we be there?"



"We are there now."



Followed by Captain Nemo, I went up on to the platform, and greedily

scanned the horizon.



To the N.E. two volcanic islands emerged of unequal size, surrounded by

a coral reef that measured forty miles in circumference. We were close

to Vanikoro, really the one to which Dumont d'Urville gave the name of

Isle de la Recherche, and exactly facing the little harbour of Vanou,

situated in 16 deg. 4' S. lat., and 164 deg. 32' E. long. The earth

seemed covered with verdure from the shore to the summits in the

interior, that were crowned by Mount Kapogo, 476 feet high. The

Nautilus, having passed the outer belt of rocks by a narrow strait,

found itself among breakers where the sea was from thirty to forty

fathoms deep. Under the verdant shade of some mangroves I perceived

some savages, who appeared greatly surprised at our approach. In the

long black body, moving between wind and water, did they not see some

formidable cetacean that they regarded with suspicion?



Just then Captain Nemo asked me what I knew about the wreck of La

Perouse.



"Only what everyone knows, Captain," I replied.



"And could you tell me what everyone knows about it?" he inquired,

ironically.



"Easily."



I related to him all that the last works of Dumont d'Urville had made

known--works from which the following is a brief account.



La Perouse, and his second, Captain de Langle, were sent by Louis XVI,

in 1785, on a voyage of circumnavigation. They embarked in the

corvettes Boussole and the Astrolabe, neither of which were again heard

of. In 1791, the French Government, justly uneasy as to the fate of

these two sloops, manned two large merchantmen, the Recherche and the

Esperance, which left Brest the 28th of September under the command of

Bruni d'Entrecasteaux.



Two months after, they learned from Bowen, commander of the Albemarle,

that the debris of shipwrecked vessels had been seen on the coasts of

New Georgia. But D'Entrecasteaux, ignoring this communication--rather

uncertain, besides--directed his course towards the Admiralty Islands,

mentioned in a report of Captain Hunter's as being the place where La

Perouse was wrecked.



They sought in vain. The Esperance and the Recherche passed before

Vanikoro without stopping there, and, in fact, this voyage was most

disastrous, as it cost D'Entrecasteaux his life, and those of two of

his lieutenants, besides several of his crew.



Captain Dillon, a shrewd old Pacific sailor, was the first to find

unmistakable traces of the wrecks. On the 15th of May, 1824, his

vessel, the St. Patrick, passed close to Tikopia, one of the New

Hebrides. There a Lascar came alongside in a canoe, sold him the

handle of a sword in silver that bore the print of characters engraved

on the hilt. The Lascar pretended that six years before, during a stay

at Vanikoro, he had seen two Europeans that belonged to some vessels

that had run aground on the reefs some years ago.



Dillon guessed that he meant La Perouse, whose disappearance had

troubled the whole world. He tried to get on to Vanikoro, where,

according to the Lascar, he would find numerous debris of the wreck,

but winds and tides prevented him.



Dillon returned to Calcutta. There he interested the Asiatic Society

and the Indian Company in his discovery. A vessel, to which was given

the name of the Recherche, was put at his disposal, and he set out,

23rd January, 1827, accompanied by a French agent.



The Recherche, after touching at several points in the Pacific, cast

anchor before Vanikoro, 7th July, 1827, in that same harbour of Vanou

where the Nautilus was at this time.



There it collected numerous relics of the wreck--iron utensils,

anchors, pulley-strops, swivel-guns, an 18 lb. shot, fragments of

astronomical instruments, a piece of crown work, and a bronze clock,

bearing this inscription--"Bazin m'a fait," the mark of the foundry of

the arsenal at Brest about 1785. There could be no further doubt.



Dillon, having made all inquiries, stayed in the unlucky place till

October. Then he quitted Vanikoro, and directed his course towards New

Zealand; put into Calcutta, 7th April, 1828, and returned to France,

where he was warmly welcomed by Charles X.



But at the same time, without knowing Dillon's movements, Dumont

d'Urville had already set out to find the scene of the wreck. And they

had learned from a whaler that some medals and a cross of St. Louis had

been found in the hands of some savages of Louisiade and New Caledonia.

Dumont d'Urville, commander of the Astrolabe, had then sailed, and two

months after Dillon had left Vanikoro he put into Hobart Town. There

he learned the results of Dillon's inquiries, and found that a certain

James Hobbs, second lieutenant of the Union of Calcutta, after landing

on an island situated 8 deg. 18' S. lat., and 156 deg. 30' E. long.,

had seen some iron bars and red stuffs used by the natives of these

parts. Dumont d'Urville, much perplexed, and not knowing how to credit

the reports of low-class journals, decided to follow Dillon's track.



On the 10th of February, 1828, the Astrolabe appeared off Tikopia, and

took as guide and interpreter a deserter found on the island; made his

way to Vanikoro, sighted it on the 12th inst., lay among the reefs

until the 14th, and not until the 20th did he cast anchor within the

barrier in the harbour of Vanou.



On the 23rd, several officers went round the island and brought back

some unimportant trifles. The natives, adopting a system of denials

and evasions, refused to take them to the unlucky place. This

ambiguous conduct led them to believe that the natives had ill-treated

the castaways, and indeed they seemed to fear that Dumont d'Urville had

come to avenge La Perouse and his unfortunate crew.



However, on the 26th, appeased by some presents, and understanding that

they had no reprisals to fear, they led M. Jacquireot to the scene of

the wreck.



There, in three or four fathoms of water, between the reefs of Pacou

and Vanou, lay anchors, cannons, pigs of lead and iron, embedded in the

limy concretions. The large boat and the whaler belonging to the

Astrolabe were sent to this place, and, not without some difficulty,

their crews hauled up an anchor weighing 1,800 lbs., a brass gun, some

pigs of iron, and two copper swivel-guns.



Dumont d'Urville, questioning the natives, learned too that La Perouse,

after losing both his vessels on the reefs of this island, had

constructed a smaller boat, only to be lost a second time. Where, no

one knew.



But the French Government, fearing that Dumont d'Urville was not

acquainted with Dillon's movements, had sent the sloop Bayonnaise,

commanded by Legoarant de Tromelin, to Vanikoro, which had been

stationed on the west coast of America. The Bayonnaise cast her anchor

before Vanikoro some months after the departure of the Astrolabe, but

found no new document; but stated that the savages had respected the

monument to La Perouse. That is the substance of what I told Captain

Nemo.



"So," he said, "no one knows now where the third vessel perished that

was constructed by the castaways on the island of Vanikoro?"



"No one knows."



Captain Nemo said nothing, but signed to me to follow him into the

large saloon. The Nautilus sank several yards below the waves, and the

panels were opened.



I hastened to the aperture, and under the crustations of coral, covered

with fungi, syphonules, alcyons, madrepores, through myriads of

charming fish--girelles, glyphisidri, pompherides, diacopes, and

holocentres--I recognised certain debris that the drags had not been

able to tear up--iron stirrups, anchors, cannons, bullets, capstan

fittings, the stem of a ship, all objects clearly proving the wreck of

some vessel, and now carpeted with living flowers. While I was looking

on this desolate scene, Captain Nemo said, in a sad voice:



"Commander La Perouse set out 7th December, 1785, with his vessels La

Boussole and the Astrolabe. He first cast anchor at Botany Bay,

visited the Friendly Isles, New Caledonia, then directed his course

towards Santa Cruz, and put into Namouka, one of the Hapai group. Then

his vessels struck on the unknown reefs of Vanikoro. The Boussole,

which went first, ran aground on the southerly coast. The Astrolabe

went to its help, and ran aground too. The first vessel was destroyed

almost immediately. The second, stranded under the wind, resisted some

days. The natives made the castaways welcome. They installed

themselves in the island, and constructed a smaller boat with the

debris of the two large ones. Some sailors stayed willingly at

Vanikoro; the others, weak and ill, set out with La Perouse. They

directed their course towards the Solomon Islands, and there perished,

with everything, on the westerly coast of the chief island of the

group, between Capes Deception and Satisfaction."



"How do you know that?"



"By this, that I found on the spot where was the last wreck."



Captain Nemo showed me a tin-plate box, stamped with the French arms,

and corroded by the salt water. He opened it, and I saw a bundle of

papers, yellow but still readable.



They were the instructions of the naval minister to Commander La

Perouse, annotated in the margin in Louis XVI's handwriting.



"Ah! it is a fine death for a sailor!" said Captain Nemo, at last. "A

coral tomb makes a quiet grave; and I trust that I and my comrades will

find no other."



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