Of The Nature Of Flatland

: THIS WORLD
: Flatland

I call our world Flatland, not because we call it so, but to make its

nature clearer to you, my happy readers, who are privileged to live in

Space.



Imagine a vast sheet of paper on which straight Lines, Triangles,

Squares, Pentagons, Hexagons, and other figures, instead of remaining

fixed in their places, move freely about, on or in the surface, but

without the power of rising above or sinking below it, v
ry much like

shadows--only hard with luminous edges--and you will then have a pretty

correct notion of my country and countrymen. Alas, a few years ago, I

should have said "my universe:" but now my mind has been opened to

higher views of things.



In such a country, you will perceive at once that it is impossible that

there should be anything of what you call a "solid" kind; but I dare

say you will suppose that we could at least distinguish by sight the

Triangles, Squares, and other figures, moving about as I have described

them. On the contrary, we could see nothing of the kind, not at least

so as to distinguish one figure from another. Nothing was visible, nor

could be visible, to us, except Straight Lines; and the necessity of

this I will speedily demonstrate.



Place a penny on the middle of one of your tables in Space; and leaning

over it, look down upon it. It will appear a circle.



But now, drawing back to the edge of the table, gradually lower your

eye (thus bringing yourself more and more into the condition of the

inhabitants of Flatland), and you will find the penny becoming more and

more oval to your view, and at last when you have placed your eye

exactly on the edge of the table (so that you are, as it were, actually

a Flatlander) the penny will then have ceased to appear oval at all,

and will have become, so far as you can see, a straight line.



The same thing would happen if you were to treat in the same way a

Triangle, or a Square, or any other figure cut out from pasteboard. As

soon as you look at it with your eye on the edge of the table, you will

find that it ceases to appear to you as a figure, and that it becomes

in appearance a straight line. Take for example an equilateral

Triangle--who represents with us a Tradesman of the respectable class.

Figure 1 represents the Tradesman as you would see him while you were

bending over him from above; figures 2 and 3 represent the Tradesman,

as you would see him if your eye were close to the level, or all but on

the level of the table; and if your eye were quite on the level of the

table (and that is how we see him in Flatland) you would see nothing

but a straight line.



When I was in Spaceland I heard that your sailors have very similar

experiences while they traverse your seas and discern some distant

island or coast lying on the horizon. The far-off land may have bays,

forelands, angles in and out to any number and extent; yet at a

distance you see none of these (unless indeed your sun shines bright

upon them revealing the projections and retirements by means of light

and shade), nothing but a grey unbroken line upon the water.



Well, that is just what we see when one of our triangular or other

acquaintances comes towards us in Flatland. As there is neither sun

with us, nor any light of such a kind as to make shadows, we have none

of the helps to the sight that you have in Spaceland. If our friend

comes closer to us we see his line becomes larger; if he leaves us it

becomes smaller; but still he looks like a straight line; be he a

Triangle, Square, Pentagon, Hexagon, Circle, what you will--a straight

Line he looks and nothing else.



You may perhaps ask how under these disadvantagous circumstances we are

able to distinguish our friends from one another: but the answer to

this very natural question will be more fitly and easily given when I

come to describe the inhabitants of Flatland. For the present let me

defer this subject, and say a word or two about the climate and houses

in our country.



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